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Karl Georg Christian von Staudt (January 24, 1798 – June 1, 1867) was a German mathematician who used synthetic geometry to provide a foundation for arithmetic. ==Life and influence== Karl was born in the Free Imperial City of Rothenburg, which is now called Rothenburg ob der Tauber in Germany. From 1814 he studied in Gymnasium in Ausbach. He attended the University of Göttingen from 1818 to 1822 where he studied with Gauss who was director of the observatory. Staudt provided an ephemeris for the orbits of Mars and the asteroid Pallas. When in 1821 Comet Nicollet-Pons was observed, he provided the elements of its orbit. These accomplishments in astronomy earned him his doctorate from University of Erlangen in 1822. Staudt's professional career began as a secondary school instructor in Würzburg until 1827 and then Nuremberg until 1835. He married Jeanette Dreschler in 1832. They had a son Eduard and daughter Mathilda, but Jeanette died in 1848. The book ''Geometrie der Lage'' (1847) was a landmark in projective geometry. As Burau (1976) wrote: :Staudt was the first to adopt a fully rigorous approach. Without exception his predecessors still spoke of distances, perpendiculars, angles and other entities that play no role in projective geometry.〔Walter Burau (1976) "Karl Georg Christian von Staudt", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, auspices of American Council of Learned Societies〕 Furthermore, this book (page 43) uses the complete quadrangle to "construct the fourth harmonic associated with three points on a straight line", the projective harmonic conjugate. Indeed, in 1889 Mario Pieri translated von Staudt, before writing his ''I Principii della Geometrie di Posizione Composti in un Systema Logico-deduttivo'' (1898). In 1900 Charlotte Scott of Bryn Mawr College paraphased much of von Staudt's work in English for ''The Mathematical Gazette''.〔Charlotte Scott (1900) "On von Staudt's ''Geometrie der Lage''", ''The Mathematical Gazette'' 1(19):307–14, 1(20):323–31, 1(22):363–70〕 When Wilhelm Blaschke published his textbook ''Projective Geometry'' in 1948, a portrait of the young Karl was placed opposite the ''Vorwort''. Staudt went beyond real projective geometry and into complex projective space in his three volumes of ''Beiträge zur Geometrie der Lage'' published from 1856 to 1860. In 1922 H. F. Baker wrote of von Staudt's work: :It was von Staudt to whom the elimination of the ideas of distance and congruence was a conscious aim, if, also, the recognition of the importance of this might have been much delayed save for the work of Cayley and Klein upon the projective theory of distance. Generalised, and combined with the subsequent Dissertation of Riemann, v. Staudt's volumes must be held to be the foundation of what, on its geometrical side, the Theory of Relativity, in Physics, may yet become.〔H. F. Baker (1922) ''Principles of Geometry'', volume 1, page176, Cambridge University Press〕 Von Staudt is also remembered for his view of conic sections and the relation of pole and polar: :Von Staudt made the important discovery that the relation which a conic establishes between poles and polars is really more fundamental than the conic itself, and can be set up independently. This "polarity" can then be used to ''define'' the conic, in a manner that is perfectly symmetrical and immediately self-dual: a conic is simply the locus of points which lie on their polars, or the envelope of lines which pass through their poles. Von Staudt’s treatment of quadrics is analogous, in three dimensions.〔H.S.M. Coxeter (1942) Non-Euclidean Geometry, pp 48,9, University of Toronto Press〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Karl Georg Christian von Staudt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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